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Chemistry 260, which is one of four courses comprising our introductory core, provides an introduction to physical and analytical chemistry. As its name implies, this course focuses on three central topics of importance to studying chemical reactivity: thermodynamics, equilibrium chemistry, and kinetics.

Thermodynamics is the study of the energetics of chemical reactions. Experience shows us that many reactions are not reversible. For example, in a gas furnace the combustion of methane, CH4, in the presence of oxygen, O2, produces carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O; however, the reverse reaction, under the same conditions, does not occur. Of particular interest to us will be learning how to predict whether a given chemical reaction is expected to occur.

In many chemical systems a reaction occurs until some stable position is reached in which the concentrations of reactants and products no longer change. Such systems are said to reach a state of equilibrium. Of particular interest to us is learning how to characterize the composition of systems at equilibrium.

Although thermodynamics allows us to predict the favorability of a reaction, it cannot predict whether the reaction will occur in any reasonable amount of time. Mixtures of hydrogen, H2, and oxygen, O2, for example, should react to make water. Mixtures of the two gases, however, are stable indefinitely unless energy (perhaps in the form of a lit match) is added. The study of kinetics allows us to understand the factors influencing how fast a reaction occurs. We also will learn how kinetics is used to suggest how a chemical reaction proceeds on a microscopic level.

The file tabs on this page provide access to useful resources that will help you throughout the semester:

  • Syllabus contains the official course syllabus that serves as our contract
  • Schedule of weekly class and lab assignments
  • Tools, such as useful web sites, data bases, and software, to help you in class and lab
  • How To... instructions for the software and instrumentation used in lab
  • Archives containing copies of handouts, answer keys to suggested problems and worksheets, and practice exams

The laboratory portion of this course was developed under a 2003 grant from the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Special Grant Program in the Chemical Sciences (SG-03-041).

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Instructor: David Harvey
Office: Julian 323 and Harrison 305
Phone: 658-4359 (Academic Affairs Secretary)
Phone: 653-2685 (home)
E-Mail: harvey@depauw.edu

  • Goals
  • Textbook
  • Class
  • Lab
  • Grades
  • Office Hours
  • Late Work
  • Attendance
  • Academic Dishonesty

Chem 260 provides an introduction to the disciplines of physical and analytical chemistry. These fields are, of course, too broad to cover in a single semester. Our goals, therefore, are to:

  • predict the favorability of chemical reactions
  • characterize the extent to which a chemical reaction occurs
  • determine the final composition of a reaction mixture at equilibrium
  • evaluate a reaction's temporal feasibility
  • elucidate possible pathways for a chemical reaction
  • study reactions quantitatively in the laboratory
  • design, carry out and evaluate experiments involving chemical reactivity
  • appreciate the importance of physical and analytical chemistry in other disciplines

In addition to these more discipline-specific goals, we have several broader goals; these are to:

  • appreciate the utility of developing models as predictive tools
  • learn how to think critically about conceptual or abstract ideas
  • improve your skills at solving problems
  • gain comfort working and thinking in the laboratory
  • become more adept at evaluating and processing large amounts of information
  • gain experience working with others as part of a research team

The textbook for this course is Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics (3rd Ed.) by Spencer, Bodner, and Rickard, and it is available from the Fine Print Bookstore in downtown Greencastle. This book also is the textbook for Chem 130.

The course manual, lab manual, and the course's web site provide additional supplementary material.

Reading Assignments. Daily reading assignments from the textbook are listed on the tentative schedule and updated weekly on the course’s web page. The suggested reading covers material for that day's class. You may wish to read the material before class, after class, or both before and after class.

Suggested Problems. Suggested problems from the textbook provide you with an opportunity to evaluate your understanding of basic skills and concepts; they are not, however, representative of exam problems. If you complete and truly understand the suggested problems, then you have every reason to expect at least a C in this course. You must be able to apply these skills to new problems and in new contexts if you expect to earn an A or a B. To help prepare you for exams, we will make frequent use of “exam-like” problems during class. Copies of selected old exams also are available on the Archives tab.

Graded Assignments: Your progress in class is evaluated through a combination of weekly quizzes (a quiz consists of one problem from those suggested textbook problems assigned since the previous quiz and are scheduled for every Friday except the first week of classes and those weeks that include an exam), three regular exams (see the tentative schedule for dates) and a cumulative final exam. Laboratory work is evaluated through quizzes and lab reports.

Chemistry is an experimental science; experience working in lab, therefore, is essential to almost all chemistry courses. Our focus in this course is on learning how to investigate the thermodynamic, equilibrium, and kinetic properties of chemical reactions. To accomplish this you will learn about several routine quantitative methods of analysis and will learn to design experiments.

Working as part of a small research team, you will complete four preliminary labs that introduce the software, hardware, and techniques that will be used in later experiments. Reports for these experiments will focus on specific sections of a formal lab report.

After completing the preliminary labs, you will complete four open-ended project experiments. These experiments begins with a description of the system under investigation, a statement of the project's goals, and a list of hints, suggestions, and/or questions to consider. The design of the experiment is left to you! Reports for these experiments are a mixture of long formal reports, short informal reports, and posters.

At the beginning of each new experiment there is a brief quiz to evaluate your preparation for lab.

Final grades are determined using the following percentages:

  • three regular exams: 14% each for a total of 42%
  • cumulative final exam: total of 28%
  • quizzes: nine quizzes for a total of 5%
  • lab work: lab reports and lab quizzes for a total of 25%

Grades are assigned using the following scale

Grading Scale
A 100 to 93
B+ 89 to 87
C+ 79 to 77
D+ 69 to 67
F 59 and below
A- 92 to 90
B 86 to 83
C 76 to 73
D 66 to 63
B- 82 to 80
C- 72 to 70
D- 62 to 60

Final averages are not rounded; to earn a grade of B, for example, your final average must be ≥ 83.0... and < 86.0... These ranges are fixed with the following caveats:

  1. At the instructor's discretion, grades on a borderline may be moved up or down by a maximum of 1 point to account for intangible factors; thus, for example, a 79.7 (C+) may become an 80.7 (B-), or an 83.7 (B) may become a 82.7 (B-). Intangible factors that may affect your grade include, but are not limited to, a particularly strong or weak final exam, a steady improvement or decline in performance during the term or a particularly strong or weak contribution to the class or lab. Such adjustments are not common.
  2. You must achieve a combined average of at least 60% on the three regular exams or a score of greater than 60% on the final exam to receive a passing grade of D- or better.
  3. You must complete all laboratory work, including all laboratory reports, to receive a passing grade of D- or better.

Office hours for fall 2009

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

 

12:30-1:30 (Harrison 305)

 

7:00 pm-8:00 pm(Julian 323)

1:00-2:00 (Harrison 305)

If you are uncomfortable just dropping by or wish to ensure that I will be available, feel free to schedule an appointment; my contact information is at the beginning of the syllabus. My home phone number is listed at the beginning of the syllabus should you need to reach me in the evenings (before 10 PM) or on the weekends.

Due dates are intended to keep you from falling behind in your work. Because I value thoughtful, well-written work more than absolute deadlines, these due dates are intentionally flexible. Unless otherwise specified, there is no penalty for turning work in late if I am still in the process of grading the assignment; however, once I finish grading a set of assignments, any missing work receives a grade of 0 (zero) – no exceptions.

Flexibility in due dates is not a license to procrastinate and abuse of this policy will result in your loss of this privilege. To take advantage of this policy you must consult with me before the assignment is due and show evidence of having made significant progress.

Although I do not require attendance during class meetings, I encourage you to take advantage of class time as an opportunity to more fully engage yourself with the material.

If you do need to miss class for legitimate reasons, or if you simply don’t feel like coming, it is your responsibility to know and understand what was covered. Ask a classmate for a copy of his or her notes, drop by my office or visit the course’s web-site. We cannot take class time to review material for students who were unable to attend class.

Attendance at all lab sessions is a requirement.

Although you may make frequent use of external resources (e.g. the internet, the library, other students) when preparing lab reports, it is important that the work you submit represents your understanding of the experiment on which you are reporting. Failure to do so is unethical and a serious breach of academic integrity. Be sure to review DePauw's guidelines for academic integrity, which are included in the Student Handbook; in particular, review the examples of plagiarism. Although often unintentional, plagiarism is nevertheless a serious violation and can result in a significant reduction in your grade for an assignment or for the course. Follow this link to the Writing Center's guide to avoiding plagiarism.

A potential problem in science labs occurs when you collect data as a group but are responsible for preparing an individual report. In such cases, it is not acceptable to share calculations, spreadsheets or figures. You may discuss how to analyze the data, but the work you turn in must represent you analysis of the data and interpretation of the results.

Be sure to consult with your instructor if you are unsure about any issue concerning academic integrity.

The schedule for each week is posted/updated on the weekend.

Week 1: August 24 to August 28
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics   Introduction to class and lab

Class: Types of chemical reactions; Introduction to thermodynamics
Lab: Introduction to lab; case studies in ethics

No class
Suggested Reading   Skim Chapter 2 and Chem 170 modules and review as needed Chapter 7: 260-263  
Suggested Problems        
Week 2: August 31 to September 4
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Energy changes in chemical reactions; Calorimetry Calorimetry; Enthalpy; Enthalpy of Atom Combination Lab: Preparing Solutions First quiz; Hess's law and enthalpy of reaction
Suggested Reading Chapter 7: 263-276 Chapter 7: 276-282; Course Manual: What Do We Mean by a Molrxn?   Chapter 7: 282-296
Suggested Problems Chapter 7: 10, 16, 17, 18, 25, 28 Chapter 7: 36ace, 39-41, 47-49 Chapter 7: 35, 51, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65, 71, 75
Week 3: September 7 to September 11
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Heats of formation Entropy Lab: Newton's Law of Cooling Second quiz; Free energy
Suggested Reading Chapter 7:296-299 Chapter 13: 574-585   Chapter 13: 585-593, 606-607
Suggested Problems Chapter 7: 87, 88, 90, 96, 103, 106, 107, 112 Chapter 13: 6, 9, 11, 17, 19, 21-26   Chapter 13: 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 42, 45, 47, 49, 53
Week 4: September 14 to September 18
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Driving unfavorable reactions; predicting signs of thermodynamic variables Thermodynamics of redox reactions Lab: Determining the Amount of Acetic Acid in Vinegar Third quiz; reaction dynamics and non-standard state conditions
Suggested Reading   Chapter 12: 522-539  

Chapter 12: 542-546
Chapter 13: 596-601

Suggested Problems   Chapter 12: 4, 13, 14, 33, 36, 44, 46, 61, 63, 68-71, 74   Chapter 12: 84, 91
Chapter 13: 69-71, 73, 76, 78
Week 5: September 21 to September 25
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Free energy and equilibria Lab exercise Lab: Characterizing an Oscillating Reaction First Exam
Suggested Reading Chapter 13: 602-607      
Suggested Problems

Chapter 13: 79, 81, 83, 90

     
Week 6: September 28 to October 2
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Introduction to kinetics and equilibria Solving equlibrium problems Fourth Quiz;
Lab: Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition
No class
Suggested Reading Chapter 10: 404-419 Chapter 10: 419-428; 453-457
Course Manual: Some Thoughts on Solving Equilibrium Problems
   
Suggested Problems Chapter 10: 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 Chapter 10: 32, 33, 35, 38-40, 43, 46, 48, 49, 53, 58
Chapter 10A: 1-5
   
Week 7: October 5 to October 9
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Le Chatelier's principle; equilibrium constants for common types of reactions No class Lab: Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Fift quiz; Acids and bases; pH of monoprotic acids and bases
Suggested Reading

Chapter 10: 429-434

    Chapter 11: 459-479, 483-493
Course Manual: Why Can We Ignore the Dissociation of Water When Solving pH Problems?
Suggested Problems

Chapter 10: 63, 65, 67, 68

    Chapter 11: 8, 16, 19-21, 28, 31, 41, 51-53, 55, 64, 77, 85, 87-89, 93, 99, 100
Week 8: October 12 to October 16
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Fractional abundance of conjugate weak acids and bases pH of polyprotic acids and bases Lab: Thermodynamics of Calcium Hydroxide Solubility Sixth quiz; Introduction to buffers
Suggested Reading Course Manual: Relative Importance of a Conjugate Acid and Its Conjugate Base; Ladder Diagrams—A Pictorial View of Equilibrium Chemistry

Chapter 11: 512-519
Course Manual: Polyprotic Acid-Base Systems

  Chapter 11: 493-497
Suggested Problems   Chapter 11A: 1, 2, 9, 14   Chapter 11: 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 124
Week 9: October 19 to October 23 (Fall Break!)
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics        
Suggested Reading        
Suggested Problems        
Week 10: October 26 to October 30
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics How buffers work Review of buffers and review for second exam Lab: Thermodynamics of Calcium Hydroxide Solubility Second Exam
Suggested Reading Course Manual: Calculating a Buffer's pH and Evaluating Its Efectiveness     Course Manual: Designing a Buffer; Three Ways to Prepare a Buffer
Suggested Problems none     nonee
Week 11: November 2 to November 6
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Buffers (again) Solubility equilibria Lab: Acid Dissociation Constants for Organic Dyes Seventh quiz; Solubility and pH
Suggested Reading Course Manual: Designing Buffers; Three Ways to Prepare a Buffer Chapter 10: 434-438   Chapter 10: 438-442
Course Manual: Finding the Equilibrium Constant For a New Reaction
Suggested Problems   Chapter 10: 78, 91, 95-97, 100   Chapter 10: 109, 110, 121
Week 12: November 9 to November 13
 
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Complexation equilibria Introduction to kinetics Lab: Acid Dissociation Constants for Organic Dyes No class (take-home assignment due in class on Monday, November 16)
Suggested Reading Module 3: 1-14 (link to external site containing pdf file of the module) Chapter 14: 616-620    
Suggested Problems Module 3: 11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 Chapter 14: 2, 3, 7, 11    
Week 13: November 16 to November 20
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Integrated rate laws and half-lives Exploring kinetics in lab Lab: Kinetics of the Bleaching of Dyes Last Quiz; Kinetics of reactions with multiple pathways.
Suggested Reading Chapter 14: 620-626, 630-631, 633-641 Chapter 14: 631-633, 641-651   none
Suggested Problems Chapter 14: 15, 16, 24, 53-55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 64, 68, 70, 74 Chapter 14: 43, 45-50   none
Week 14: November 23 to November 27
 
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Mechanisms of reactions and activation energy No class (Thanksgiving Break) No Lab (Thanksgiving Break) No class (Thanksgiving Break)
Suggested Reading Chapter 14: 626-631, 642-650      
Suggested Problems Chapter 14: 29, 33-39, 93, 95, 97, 98      
Week 15: November 30 to December 4
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Thermodynamic versus kinetic control of reactions Third Exam Lab: Kinetics of the Bleaching of Dyes No class (on-campus meeting)
Suggested Reading none      
Suggested Problems none      
Week 16: December 7 to December 11
 
Monday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Topics Review of Thermodynamics Review of Equilibrium Chemistry Check out of lab Review of Kinetics
Suggested Reading        
Suggested Problems        

 

This tab provides links to instruction for using the course's available software and instrumentation, and to documents reviewing important calculations.

Software: How To... Instrumental How To... Calculations: How To...
Use Graphical Analysis Use the LabPro Interface Handle significant figures
Use LoggerPro Use the temperature probe Calculate a molar mass
  Use the pH probe Calculate mass percent
  Use the conductivity probe Balance chemical reactions
  Use the drop counter Use stoichiometry
  Use the spectrometer Find and use limiting reagents
    Calculate theoretical and percent yields
    Work with concentration units
    Use the ideal gas law

This tab provides links to course materials from this semester, as well as links to selected materials from previous semesters.

  • Class Handouts
  • Worksheets
  • Keys to Suggested Problems
  • Hour Exams
  • Lab Exercises
  • Lab Materials

Collected here are miscellaneous class handouts; see the Worksheets tab for copies of worksheets and their answer keys.

Course Manual Syllabus
Solubility Rules Oxidation State Rules
HCl/NaOH Calorimetry Data Common Reactions and Equilibrium Constants
Integrated Forms of Common Rate Laws Half-Lives of Common Rates

Answer keys to the suggested problems are grouped by chapter.

If you find an error in an answer key, please email the instructor!

Chapter 7 Chapter 10
Chapter 11 Chapter 12
Chapter 13 Chapter 14
Module 3  

Collected here are review sheets for the hour exams and copies of hour exams (and answer keys) from the three most recent classes.

Review Sheets for: First Exam, Second Exam, Third Exam

Answer Keys for: First Exam, Second Exam, Third Exam

Practice exams: These exams will give you with a sense of the format and length of exams, and provide you with some additional practice problems. Please note that because the course varies a bit each semester, there may be one or two questions on the practice exams that do not correspond to what we have covered this term.

Spring 2006

First Exam (key)

Second Exam (key)

Third Exam (key)

Uncertainty of Measurements

Evaluating Experimental Results

Evaluating Mathematical Models

Theoretical vs. Experimental Results