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A common description of analytical chemistry is the area of chemistry responsible for qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. This description is not very useful, however, because it fails to recognize that almost all chemists analyze samples. The craft of analytical chemistry is not in completing an analysis, but in creating an analytical method. A simple example illustrates the importance of this distincition. In the 19th century analytical chemists developed a host of chemical techniques for identifying inorganic species and the functional groups in organic compounds. By the 1950s, such "spot tests" were no longer taught as part of the analytical curriculum; instead, they became an important part of laboratory courses in inorganic and organic chemistry. Meanwhile, analytical chemists in the 1950s and 1960s were busy developing IR, NMR, and MS as new tools for functional group analysis and structure determination. Now these methods also are more frequently covered in inorganic and organic chemistry courses. And so the cycle continues.

So what is analytical chemistry? A better definition is that analytical chemistry is the science of chemical measurements. Analytical chemists work to improve established methods of analysis, to extend existing methods of analysis to new types of samples, to develop new methods of analysis, and to develop more powerful tools for data analysis. Analytical chemistry is constantly evolving toward more selective and more sensitive methods of analysis that can use smaller samples and take less time.

Chem 353 provides an introduction to instrumental methods of analysis, with the specific topics changing from semester-to-semester. Among the instrumental methods covered are: atomic and molecular spectroscopy, surface analysis, electrochemistry, and kinetic methods of analysis.

The file tabs on this page provide access to useful resources that will help you throughout the semester:

  • Syllabus contains the official course syllabus that serves as our contract
  • Schedule of weekly class and lab assignments
  • Tools, such as useful web sites, data bases, and software, to help you in class and lab
  • How To... instructions for the software and instrumentation used in lab
  • Archives containing copies of handouts, answer keys to suggested problems and worksheets, and practice exams

 

Instructor: David Harvey
Office: Julian 323
Phone: 658-4608 (office)
Phone: 653-2685 (home)
E-Mail: harvey@depauw.edu

  • Goals
  • Textbook
  • Class
  • Grades
  • Office Hours
  • Late Work
  • Attendance
  • Academic Dishonesty

Chem 353 provides an introduction to instrumental methods of analysis with a focus this semester on atomic and molecular spectroscopy, and the analysis of surfaces. As we move through the semester we will:

  • examine common instrumental designs and explore how they produce a useful analytical signal
  • consider the problem of noise in analytical signals
  • explore the relationship between an instrument's signal, the sample's matrix, and/or the analyte's concentration
  • review, where appropriate, the quantitative and qualitative application of instrumental methods
  • learn how to characterize an analytical method's advantages and disadvantages
  • become familiar with the primary analytical literature

There is no primary textbook for this course. A copy of Modern Analytical Chemistry is on reserve in the library and other sources will either be on reserve or available electronically.

Reading Assignments. Daily suggested reading assignments are updated weekly on the course’s web page. The suggested reading covers material for that day's class. You may wish to read the material before class, after class, or both before and after class.

Suggested Problems. Suggested problems provide you with an opportunity to evaluate your understanding of basic skills and concepts; they are not, however, representative of exam problems. If you complete and truly understand the suggested problems, then you have every reason to expect at least a C in this course. You must be able to apply these skills to new problems and in new contexts if you expect to earn an A or a B.

Graded Assignments: Your progress in class is evaluated through a combination of two exams (tentative dates are the week of March 10th and Monday, May 12th), and any or all of the following, depending upon how the spirit moves us during the term: problem sets, mini-experiments, data analysis projects, short papers, oral presentations, participation in discussion, or other as yet undreamt of assignments.

The two exams are equally weighted and count for 75% of your final grade. The remaining 25% of your grade will come from all other assignments.

Grades are assigned using the following scale

Grading Scale
A 100 to 93
B+ 89 to 87
C+ 79 to 77
D+ 69 to 67
F 59 and below
A- 92 to 90
B 86 to 83
C 76 to 73
D 66 to 63
B- 82 to 80
C- 72 to 70
D- 62 to 60

Final averages are not rounded; to earn a grade of B, for example, your final average must be ≥ 83.0... and < 86.0... These ranges are fixed with the following caveats - At the instructor's discretion, grades on a borderline may be moved up or down by a maximum of 1 point to account for intangible factors; thus, for example, a 79.7 (C+) may become an 80.7 (B-), or an 83.7 (B) may become a 82.7 (B-). Intangible factors that may affect your grade include, but are not limited to, a steady improvement or decline in performance during the term or a particularly strong or weak contribution to the class. Such adjustments are not common.

I do not limit office hours to a few times scattered throughout the week. Instead, my office door is usually open and you are encouraged to stop by whenever you have free time. Shown below are times when I am unavailable due to classes, labs or other commitments.

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

10:10-11:10 (class)

12:50-1:50 (class)

2:15-3:15 (class)

 

10:10-11:10 (class)

12:50-1:50 (class)

2:15-3:15 (class)

9:00-11:50 (lab)

1:00-3:50 (lab)

12:50-1:50 (class)

2:15-3:15 (class)

If you are uncomfortable just dropping by or wish to ensure that I will be available, feel free to schedule an appointment; my contact information is at the beginning of the syllabus. My home phone number is listed at the beginning of the syllabus should you need to reach me in the evenings (before 10 PM) or on the weekends.

Due dates are intended to keep you from falling behind in your work. Because I value thoughtful, well-written work more than absolute deadlines, these due dates are intentionally flexible. Unless otherwise specified, there is no penalty for turning work in late if I am still in the process of grading the assignment; however, once I finish grading a set of assignments, any missing work receives a grade of 0 (zero) – no exceptions.

Flexibility in due dates is not a license to procrastinate and abuse of this policy will result in your loss of this privilege. To take advantage of this policy you must consult with me before the assignment is due and show evidence of having made significant progress.

Although I do not require attendance during class meetings, I encourage you to take advantage of class time as an opportunity to more fully engage yourself with the material.

If you do need to miss class for legitimate reasons, or if you simply don’t feel like coming, it is your responsibility to know and understand what was covered. Ask a classmate for a copy of his or her notes, drop by my office or visit the course’s web-site. We cannot take class time to review material for students who were unable to attend class.

Although you may make frequent use of external resources (e.g. the internet, the library, other students) when preparing lab reports, it is important that the work you submit represents your understanding of the experiment on which you are reporting. Failure to do so is unethical and a serious breach of academic integrity. Be sure to review DePauw's guidelines for academic integrity, which are included in the Student Handbook; in particular, review the examples of plagiarism. Although often unintentional, plagiarism is nevertheless a serious violation and can result in a significant reduction in your grade for an assignment or for the course. Follow this link to the Writing Center's guide to avoiding plagiarism.

A potential problem in science labs occurs when you collect data as a group but are responsible for preparing an individual report. In such cases, it is not acceptable to share calculations, spreadsheets or figures. You may discuss how to analyze the data, but the work you turn in must represent you analysis of the data and interpretation of the results.

Be sure to consult with your instructor if you are unsure about any issue concerning academic integrity.

The schedule for each week is posted/updated on the weekend. For the suggested readings and problems:

  • MAC is Modern Analytical Chemistry
  • PIA is Principles of Instrumental Analysis (4th Edition)
  • AC is Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science (2nd Edition)

Copies of these are on reserve in Prevo.

Week 1: January 28th to February 1st
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Introduction to course; What makes up an instrument?; What is noise? Sensitivity and selectivity; Interferents; Detection limits; Calibration strategies
Suggested Reading none MAC - Chapter 3: 35-42, 45-46; Chapter 4: 95-96; Chapter 5: 106-117
Suggested Problems none MAC - Chapter 3: 3, 4, 7; Chapter 5: 6-8, 12 (ignore the part about the 95% confidence interval)
Week 2: February 4th to February 8th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic spectrum; forms of spectroscopy; basic instrumental needs Designing an instrument to measure the absorption of UV/Vis radiation by molecules and ions
Suggested Reading

MAC - Chapter 10: 368-380
Fourier Synthesis of Periodic Waveforms (use PC to view the applet)

MAC - Chapter 10: 380-393
Suggested Problems MAC - Chapter 10: 1 MAC - Chapter 10: 2-4, 7, 8
Week 3: February 11th to February 15th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics A detailed examination of molecular absorption spectrometers Modifications for emission, fluorescence and atomic spectroscopy
Suggested Reading PIA Chapter 6:79-85, 87-103 MAC: 412-415, 423-429, 434-436
Suggested Problems PIA Chapter 6: 12-15 none
Week 4: February 18th to February 22nd
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Handling noise Quantitative applications
Suggested Reading

Signal Smoothing Algorithms (use PC to view the applet)
Fourier Analysis and Signal Filtering (use PC to view the applet)

MAC - Chapter 10: 394-402, 415-421, 429-432
Suggested Problems none MAC - Chapter 10: 11-14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 33-35
Week 5: February 25th to February 29th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Evaluating spectroscopic methods Performance characteristics
Suggested Reading none MAC - Chapter 10: 409-412, 422, 432-434
Suggested Problems none MAC - Chapter 10: 32
Week 6: March 3rd to March 7th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics The Slim Spectrometer No class (professional conference)
Suggested Reading The Slim Spectrometer (accessible from on-campus)  
Suggested Problems none  
Week 7: March 10th to March 14th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Overview of Surface Analysis X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Suggested Reading AC: 898-899 AC: 899-903
Suggested Problems    
Week 8: March 17th to March 21st
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Applications of XPS
Suggested Reading   XPS of Thermally Treated Silica (accessible from on-campus)
Suggested Problems PIA Chapter 16: 4, 5  
Week 9: March 24th to March 28th (Spring Break - No Class)
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics    
Suggested Reading    
Suggested Problems    
Week 10: March 31st to April 4th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Auger electrons spectroscopy Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Suggested Reading AC: 917-922 AC: 928-935
Suggested Problems    
Week 11: April 7th to April 11th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics SIMS Applications Quantiative Analysis by XPS, AES, and SIMS
Suggested Reading

Sims Instrumentation
Sims in Geochemistry
Sims in Biology

 
Suggested Problems    

Week 12: April 14th to April 18th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy
Suggested Reading Introduction to STM Introduction to AFM
Suggested Problems    
Week 13: April 21st to April 25th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Additional AFM Methods Force-Distance Curves, Chemical Force Microscopy
Suggested Reading Additional AFM Methods; SPM Techniques (Flash movies of techinques); Conductance AFM; Lateral Force Micrscopy; Magnetic Force Microscopy; Phase Imaging Force-Distance Curves (flash movie); Force vs. Distance Curves; AFM Imaging and Force Spectrscopy of Individual Bacterial Adhesions
Suggested Problems    
Week 14: April 28th to May 2nd
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Application of Chemical Force Microscopy Coming Full Circle - Surface Analysis Using IR Spectroscopy
Suggested Reading Atomic Force Microscope: A Tool for Studing Ionophores (accessible on-campus) ATR-Theory and Applications
Suggested Problems    
Week 15: May 5th to May 11th
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics Coming Full Circle - Surface Analysis Using IR Spectroscopy Review
Suggested Reading Photoacoustic Spectroscopy  
Suggested Problems    
Final Exam: Monday, May 12 8:30 am to 11:30 am
 
Monday
Wednesday
Topics    
Suggested Reading    
Suggested Problems    

 

This tab provides links to several tools that you may find useful during this course.

Freeware Programs
Miscellaneous Databases
Useful Web Sites
  Thermodynamic Data Fourier Synthesis of Periodic Waveforms (use PC to view the applet)
  Acid Dissociation Constants Signal Smoothing Algorithms (use PC to view the applet)
  Solubility Constants Fourier Analysis and Signal Filtering (use PC to view the applet)
  Fundamental Constants An Introduction to Surface Chemistry
  Conversion Factors UK Surface Analysis Forum
  Periodic Table of the Elements Introduction to Surface Analysis
  Atomic Masses of Elements  

This tab provides links to instruction for using some of the department's available software, and to documents reviewing important calculations.

Software: How To... Calculations: How To...
Use Graphical Analysis Handle significant figures
  Calculate a molar mass
  Calculate mass percent
  Balance chemical reactions
  Use stoichiometry
  Find and use limiting reagents
  Calculate theoretical and percent yields
  Work with concentration units
  Use the ideal gas law

This tab provides links to course materials from this semester, as well as links to selected materials from previous semesters.

  • Class Handouts
  • Worksheets
  • Keys to Suggested Problems
  • Hour Exams

Collected here are miscellaneous class handouts; see the Worksheets tab for copies of worksheets and their answer keys.

Syllabus Signal-to-Noise Ratio Example
Electromagnetic Spectrum  
   
   

Answer keys to worksheets are posted on the weekend.

Take Home Assignment 1 (key) Signal-to-Noise Excel Worksheet
Take Home Assignment 2 (key) Quantitative Spectroscopy Problems (key)
Take Home Assignment 3 (key) Atomic Absorption Analysis for Cu (key)
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

Answer keys to the suggested problems are grouped by chapter.

If you find an error in an answer key, please email the instructor!

MAC: Chapter 3&5 MAC: Chapter 10
PIA: Chapter 6  
   
   

Collected here are review sheets for the hour exams and sample exams (and keys).

Review Sheets for: First Exam, Second Exam

Sample exams: These exams will give you with a sense of the format and length of exams, and provide you with some additional practice problems. Please note that because the course varies a bit each semester, there may be a poor correlation between these exams and those for this semester.